在工业机器视觉中应用了许多光与物质的相互作用，或在使用光学系统和捕捉图像时必须考虑到这些相互作用。
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光被镜面反射。入射光线和反射光线以及反射面的法线都位于一个平面上。入射角和反射角相等。反射光强度与入射光强度的比值称为反射率，受材料和波长的影响。反射率决定了落在表面的光有多大比例会被反射。 |
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光的传播会发生改变，但不像反射那样沿着一个确定的方向传播，而是向所有可能的空间方向扩散。 |
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入射光的能量被物体吸收。这可能会导致电子上升到更高的能级，以及人体发热等。如果一个物体不分波长地吸收光线，那么它看起来就是黑色的。如果只吸收了光谱的一部分，那么光谱的其余部分将决定人体的颜色（减法混色）。 |
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光线会在两种光学厚度不同的介质之间的边界层发生折射，也就是说光线会在这个边界层改变方向。(为完整起见，应该提到的是，这样的边界层也会或多或少地影响反射）。 |
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光学活动是某些透明材料的一种特性，可以改变光的偏振方向。 |
Numerous light-matter interactions are applied in industrial machine vision, or must be taken into account when using optical systems and when capturing images.
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Light is reflected by mirrored surfaces. The incident and reflected ray and the normal line in respect of the reflective surface are all located on one plane. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal. The ratio between reflected light intensity and incident light intensity is known as reflectance and is affected both by the material and the wavelength. Reflectance specifies what percentage of the light that falls on a surface will be reflected. |
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The propagation of the light is altered but not in a defined direction as with reflection, but rather is diffused in all possible spacial directions. |
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The energy of the incident light is taken in by a body. This can result in an electron being raised to a higher energy level and in the body being warmed, etc. If a body absorbs rays regardless of their wavelength, then it appears to be black. If only part of the spectrum is absorbed, then the remaining parts of the spectrum will determine the color of the body (subtractive color mixing). |
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Light is refracted at the boundary layer between two media of different optical thickness, meaning that a ray will change its direction at this boundary layer. (For the sake of completeness, it should be mentioned that a boundary layer like this will also impinge on reflection to a greater or lesser extent.) |
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Optical activity is a property of certain transparent materials to rotate the orientation of the polarization of light. |